Ashley - Revision history

imported>Psych204B: /* Discussion */

2012-03-16T00:22:59Z

Discussion

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	= Discussion =		= Discussion =

	Negative activation in visual cortex suggests something is off in the timing files or contrasts where perhaps we are confusing the ITI with trial onset during either the input of the timing or ~~when setting up~~ the contrasts. A lack of activation in the amygdala is not too concerning given this is 1 scan in 1 participant, although a better contrast would be to look at US > fixation. A lack of activation in the PFC is also not concerning given the participants have not been taught to use cognitive restructuring during the first scan. It would be better to analyze data from the second session, as this is when participants are more likely to use cognitive restructuring and ~~engage the~~ PFC.		Negative activation in visual cortex suggests something is off in either the timing files or contrasts where perhaps we are confusing the ITI with trial onset during either the input of the timing or the contrasts. A lack of activation in the amygdala is not too concerning given this is 1 scan in 1 participant, although a better contrast would be to look at US > fixation. A lack of activation in the PFC is also not concerning given the participants have not been taught to use cognitive restructuring during the first scan. It would be better to analyze data from the second session, as this is when participants are more likely to use cognitive restructuring and their PFC would be engaged.

	= Conclusions =		= Conclusions =

imported>Psych204B: /* Background */

2012-03-16T00:07:45Z

Background

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	<br>		<br>
	In session 1 participants were scanned in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machine while they were conditioned using images of snakes or spiders that were occasionally paired with a mild shock to the wrist. We also obtained subjective fear reports and electrodermal activity (EDA). After conditioning, half of the participants were randomly assigned to cognitive restructuring (CR) training aimed at decreasing their emotional response to both the shock and the conditioned stimuli, while the other half received no such training. All participants returned 24 hours later to repeat the conditioning session in the scanner~~. Compared to control participants, CR participants demonstrated a reduction in fear and EDA across sessions. These findings suggest that cognitive restructuring has durable effects on fear responding~~.		In session 1 participants were scanned in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machine while they were conditioned using images of snakes or spiders that were occasionally paired with a mild shock to the wrist. We also obtained subjective fear reports and electrodermal activity (EDA). After conditioning, half of the participants were randomly assigned to cognitive restructuring (CR) training aimed at decreasing their emotional response to both the shock and the conditioned stimuli, while the other half received no such training. All participants returned 24 hours later to repeat the conditioning session in the scanner.

	<br>		<br>

imported>Psych204B: /* Background */

2012-03-16T00:06:59Z

Background

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:06, 16 March 2012
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	<br>		<br>
	In session 1 participants were scanned in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ~~scanner~~ while they were conditioned using images of snakes or spiders that were occasionally paired with a mild shock to the wrist. We also obtained subjective fear reports and electrodermal activity (EDA). After conditioning, half of the participants were randomly assigned to cognitive restructuring (CR) training aimed at decreasing their emotional response to both the shock and the conditioned stimuli, while the other half received no such training. All participants returned 24 hours later to repeat the conditioning session in the scanner. Compared to control participants, CR participants demonstrated a reduction in fear and EDA across sessions. These findings suggest that cognitive restructuring has durable effects on fear responding.		In session 1 participants were scanned in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machine while they were conditioned using images of snakes or spiders that were occasionally paired with a mild shock to the wrist. We also obtained subjective fear reports and electrodermal activity (EDA). After conditioning, half of the participants were randomly assigned to cognitive restructuring (CR) training aimed at decreasing their emotional response to both the shock and the conditioned stimuli, while the other half received no such training. All participants returned 24 hours later to repeat the conditioning session in the scanner. Compared to control participants, CR participants demonstrated a reduction in fear and EDA across sessions. These findings suggest that cognitive restructuring has durable effects on fear responding.

	<br>		<br>

imported>Psych204B at 22:52, 15 March 2012

2012-03-15T22:52:31Z

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	==== Pre-processing ====		==== Pre-processing ====
	Analysis of imaging data was conducted using AFNI software (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). The data were sinc-interpolated to account for non-simultaneous slice acquisition and corrected for three-dimensional motion. The data were spatially smoothed using a three-dimensional Gaussian filter (4-mm full width at half maximum). A high-pass temporal filter was applied and data were normalized to percent signal change relative to the voxel mean across the conditioning task. Both the structural and functional data of each participant were transformed to Talairach space (Talariach and Tournoux, 1988).		Analysis of imaging data was conducted using AFNI software (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). The data were sinc-interpolated to account for non-simultaneous slice acquisition and corrected for three-dimensional motion. The data were spatially smoothed using a three-dimensional Gaussian filter (4-mm full width at half maximum). A high-pass temporal filter was applied and data were normalized to percent signal change relative to the voxel mean across the conditioning task. Both the structural and functional data of each participant were transformed to Talairach space (Talariach and Tournoux, 1988). The participant’s data was fit with a general linear model which contained two regressors, one for image onset and one for the contrast between CS+ > CS-.

	===Procedure===		===Procedure===
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	[[File:PFC.jpg \| Figure 3]]		[[File:PFC.jpg \| Figure 3]]

			= Discussion =

			Negative activation in visual cortex suggests something is off in the timing files or contrasts where perhaps we are confusing the ITI with trial onset during either the input of the timing or when setting up the contrasts. A lack of activation in the amygdala is not too concerning given this is 1 scan in 1 participant, although a better contrast would be to look at US > fixation. A lack of activation in the PFC is also not concerning given the participants have not been taught to use cognitive restructuring during the first scan. It would be better to analyze data from the second session, as this is when participants are more likely to use cognitive restructuring and engage the PFC.

	= Conclusions =		= Conclusions =

			The only conclusion I can make from my initial attempt at AFNI is that I have a long way to go!! The more I learn the more questions I have, but this has given me a first (rough) pass at pre-processing and data analysis using AFNI. I hope that I will be able to figure out exactly what is going on with my timing and contrasts so I can apply this to future subjects and have better results. I (sort of?) look forward to it!

	= References =		= References =

imported>Psych204B: /* Results */

2012-03-15T22:51:15Z

Results

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:51, 15 March 2012
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	= Results =		= Results =

			As you can see from the images below there was negative activation in visual cortex during image onset. There was no activation in the amygdala or PFC.

	[[File:Visual_Cortex.jpg \| Figure 1]]		[[File:Visual_Cortex.jpg \| Figure 1]]

imported>Psych204B: /* References */

2012-03-15T21:56:32Z

References

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	Cox, R (1996). AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic		Cox, R (1996). AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic
	resonance neuroimages. Computers and Biomedical Research, 29: 162–173.		resonance neuroimages. Computers and Biomedical Research, 29: 162–173.
			<br>

	Kendall, P.C., & Hedtke, K. (2006). Coping Cat Workbook, 2nd Ardmore, PA: Workbook Publishing.		Kendall, P.C., & Hedtke, K. (2006). Coping Cat Workbook, 2nd Ardmore, PA: Workbook Publishing.
			<br>

	Klorman, R., Weerts, T. C., Hastings, J. E., Melamed, B. G., & Lang, P. J. (1974). Psychometric description of some specific-fear questionnaires. Behavior Therapy, 5, 401-409.		Klorman, R., Weerts, T. C., Hastings, J. E., Melamed, B. G., & Lang, P. J. (1974). Psychometric description of some specific-fear questionnaires. Behavior Therapy, 5, 401-409.
			<br>

	Schiller, D., Monfils, M.H., Raio, C.M., Johnson, D.C., LeDoux, J.E., & Phelps, E.A. (2010). Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms. Nature, 463, 49 - 53.		Schiller, D., Monfils, M.H., Raio, C.M., Johnson, D.C., LeDoux, J.E., & Phelps, E.A. (2010). Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms. Nature, 463, 49 - 53.
			<br>

	Szymanski, J., & O'Donohue, W. (1995). Fear of spiders questionnaire. Journal of		Szymanski, J., & O'Donohue, W. (1995). Fear of spiders questionnaire. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 31-34.
	Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 31-34.		<br>

	Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-Planar stereotaxic atlas of the human		Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-Planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: An approach to medical cerebral imaging, Stuttgart, New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.
	brain: An approach to medical cerebral imaging, Stuttgart, New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

imported>Psych204B: /* References */

2012-03-15T21:55:45Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:55, 15 March 2012
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	= References =		= References =

	~~References~~		Cox, R (1996). AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic
			resonance neuroimages. Computers and Biomedical Research, 29: 162–173.

			Kendall, P.C., & Hedtke, K. (2006). Coping Cat Workbook, 2nd Ardmore, PA: Workbook Publishing.

			Klorman, R., Weerts, T. C., Hastings, J. E., Melamed, B. G., & Lang, P. J. (1974). Psychometric description of some specific-fear questionnaires. Behavior Therapy, 5, 401-409.

			Schiller, D., Monfils, M.H., Raio, C.M., Johnson, D.C., LeDoux, J.E., & Phelps, E.A. (2010). Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms. Nature, 463, 49 - 53.

			Szymanski, J., & O'Donohue, W. (1995). Fear of spiders questionnaire. Journal of
			Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 31-34.

			Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-Planar stereotaxic atlas of the human
			brain: An approach to medical cerebral imaging, Stuttgart, New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

imported>Psych204B at 21:52, 15 March 2012

2012-03-15T21:52:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:52, 15 March 2012
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	References		References

	~~Software~~

	~~= Appendix I - Code and Data =~~

	~~==Code==~~
	~~[[File:CodeFile.zip]]~~

	~~==Data==~~
	~~[[File:DataFile.zip \| zip file with my data]]~~

	~~= Appendix II - Work partition (if a group project) =~~
	~~Brian and Bob gave the lectures. Jon mucked around on the wiki.~~

imported>Psych204B at 21:51, 15 March 2012

2012-03-15T21:51:57Z

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	<br>		<br>
	~~[[File:Example.jpg \| Figure 1]]~~


	= Methods =		= Methods =
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	= Results ~~- What you found~~ =		= Results =

	[[File:Visual_Cortex.jpg \| Figure 1]]		[[File:Visual_Cortex.jpg \| Figure 1]]

			[[File:Amygdala.jpg \| Figure 2]]

			[[File:PFC.jpg \| Figure 3]]

	= Conclusions =		= Conclusions =

	~~Here is where you say what your results mean.~~

	= References ~~- Resources and related work~~ =
			= References =

	References		References

imported>Psych204B at 21:50, 15 March 2012

2012-03-15T21:50:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 15 March 2012
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	= Results - What you found =		= Results - What you found =

	~~== Retinotopic models in native space ==~~		[[File:Visual_Cortex.jpg \| Figure 1]]
	~~Some text~~. ~~Some analysis. Some figures.~~

	~~== Retinotopic models in individual subjects transformed into MNI space ==~~
	~~Some text. Some analysis. Some figures.~~

	~~== Retinotopic models in group-averaged data on the MNI template brain ==~~
	~~Some text. Some analysis. Some figures. Maybe some equations.~~


	= Conclusions =		= Conclusions =