Kelly Hennigan & Grace Tang - Revision history

imported>Psych204B: /* Conclusions */

2010-03-20T05:44:22Z

Conclusions

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	=Conclusions=		=Conclusions=

	Our main finding of interest was that activity in the bilateral caudate was found when 'win' trials were contrasted with 'lose' trials (p<0.05, FWE). The caudate was previously found to correlate with short term reward, as well as associated with reward-based learning (Haruno et al. 2004). ~~The~~ caudate activation in this case could therefore be associated with the social value of winning.		Our main finding of interest was that activity in the bilateral caudate was found when 'win' trials were contrasted with 'lose' trials (p<0.05, FWE). The caudate was previously found to correlate with short term reward, as well as associated with reward-based learning (Haruno et al. 2004). Noteably, because we included an additional regressor for revenue change in our model, the win beta values used in this contrast are independent of monetary gains/losses incurred when participants won a trial, and therefore this contrast reflects differential BOLD activity that is orthogonal to changes in revenue. To the extent that this activation reflects differences related to social evaluations, it is noteworthy that the caudate activation in this case could therefore be associated with the social value of winning.
	Medial prefrontal cortex activity was also observed with the win>lose contrast. The ~~Medial Prefrontal~~ has been observed to be active in when inferring the mental states of others (Mitchell, Banaji & McCrae 2005).
			Medial prefrontal cortex activity was also observed with the win>lose contrast. The medial prefrontal cortex has been observed to be active in when inferring the mental states of others (Mitchell, Banaji & McCrae 2005).

	At the less stringent threshold (p<0.001 uncorrected), activity was observed in the nucleus accumbens, anterior insula and DLPFC. Nucleus accumbens activation has been found in numerous studies to be associated with reward (Ernst et al. 2005). Activity in the insula has previously been found to activate in response to unfair offers in ultimatum game (Sanfey et al. 2003) and predictions of loss (Knutson et al. 2007)		At the less stringent threshold (p<0.001 uncorrected), activity was observed in the nucleus accumbens, anterior insula and DLPFC. Nucleus accumbens activation has been found in numerous studies to be associated with reward (Ernst et al. 2005). Activity in the insula has previously been found to activate in response to unfair offers in ultimatum game (Sanfey et al. 2003) and predictions of loss (Knutson et al. 2007)


	With the lose>win contrast, activation was found in the precuneus. This is interesting because activity in the precuneus was previously found to correlate with reflective self awareness and rating one's personality traits against those of others (Kjaer et al. 2002, Lou et al. 2004). Possibly, the higher activity found in the precuneus during the lose trials might reflect social evaluation of other players in the session.		With the lose>win contrast, activation was found in the precuneus. This is interesting because activity in the precuneus was previously found to correlate with reflective self awareness and rating one's personality traits against those of others (Kjaer et al. 2002, Lou et al. 2004). Possibly, the higher activity found in the precuneus during the lose trials might reflect social evaluation of other players in the session.


	~~A region in the precuneus also had greater BOLD activity~~


	o Noteably, the win beta values used in this contrast are independent of montary gains/losses incurred when participants won a trial, and therefore this contrast reflects differential BOLD activity that is orthogonal to changes in revenue. To the extent that this activation reflects differences related to social evaluations, it is noteworthy that this contrast reveals

	=References=		=References=

imported>Psych204B: /* Social value of winning and losing compared to baseline activity */

2010-03-20T05:38:33Z

Social value of winning and losing compared to baseline activity

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	==Social value of winning and losing compared to baseline activity==		==Social value of winning and losing compared to baseline activity==

	When compared to the mean BOLD signal, both the beta values of win trials and lose trials showed patterns of activation similar to the win vs. lose contrast. Figure 6 below shows BOLD activity greater for win trials that baseline in the caudate, and at the more liberal threshold, regions including the FFA, anterior insula, and nucleus accumbens. Activation greater for loss trials than baseline is shown in Figure 7. Noteably, we still see activation in the precuneus above baseline, suggesting that participants were engaged in social/self-referential processing during loss feedback that may not be attributed to default, non-task related processing.		When compared to the mean BOLD signal, both the beta values of win trials and lose trials showed patterns of activation similar to the win vs. lose contrast. Figure 6 below shows BOLD activity greater for win trials that baseline in the caudate, and at the more liberal threshold, regions including the FFA, anterior insula, and nucleus accumbens.


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	\|}		\|}
	<br>		<br>
			Activation greater for loss trials than baseline is shown in Figure 7. Noteably, we still see activation in the precuneus above baseline, suggesting that participants were engaged in social/self-referential processing during loss feedback that may not be attributed to default, non-task related processing.

	{\|		{\|

imported>Psych204B: /* Social value of winning and losing compared to baseline activity */

2010-03-20T05:37:39Z

Social value of winning and losing compared to baseline activity

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:37, 20 March 2010
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	\|[[File:Win_baseline_lenient.png\|thumb\|300px\| Figure 6b. p<0.001 uncorrected - additional areas of activation include FFA, anterior insula, NAcc, thalamus]]		\|[[File:Win_baseline_lenient.png\|thumb\|300px\| Figure 6b. p<0.001 uncorrected - additional areas of activation include FFA, anterior insula, NAcc, thalamus]]
	\|}		\|}

	<br>		<br>
	~~<br>~~


	{\|		{\|
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	\|[[File:lose_baseline_lenient_etc.png\|thumb\|250px\| Figure 7c. p<0.001 uncorrected - additional areas of activation include anterior insula, DLPFC, ACC, caudate, thalamus]]		\|[[File:lose_baseline_lenient_etc.png\|thumb\|250px\| Figure 7c. p<0.001 uncorrected - additional areas of activation include anterior insula, DLPFC, ACC, caudate, thalamus]]
	\|}		\|}
	~~Figure 7: BOLD activity during lose feedback greater than baseline~~

	=Conclusions=		=Conclusions=

imported>Psych204B: /* Social value of winning and losing in the brain */

2010-03-20T05:37:02Z

Social value of winning and losing in the brain

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:37, 20 March 2010
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	\| [[File:Lose-win_MYS_rev.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 5b. p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels]]		\| [[File:Lose-win_MYS_rev.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 5b. p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels]]
	\|}		\|}

			==Social value of winning and losing compared to baseline activity==

	When compared to the mean BOLD signal, both the beta values of win trials and lose trials showed patterns of activation similar to the win vs. lose contrast. Figure 6 below shows BOLD activity greater for win trials that baseline in the caudate, and at the more liberal threshold, regions including the FFA, anterior insula, and nucleus accumbens. Activation greater for loss trials than baseline is shown in Figure 7. Noteably, we still see activation in the precuneus above baseline, suggesting that participants were engaged in social/self-referential processing during loss feedback that may not be attributed to default, non-task related processing.		When compared to the mean BOLD signal, both the beta values of win trials and lose trials showed patterns of activation similar to the win vs. lose contrast. Figure 6 below shows BOLD activity greater for win trials that baseline in the caudate, and at the more liberal threshold, regions including the FFA, anterior insula, and nucleus accumbens. Activation greater for loss trials than baseline is shown in Figure 7. Noteably, we still see activation in the precuneus above baseline, suggesting that participants were engaged in social/self-referential processing during loss feedback that may not be attributed to default, non-task related processing.

imported>Psych204B: /* Social Value of winning and losing vs. baseline */

2010-03-20T05:36:01Z

Social Value of winning and losing vs. baseline

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:36, 20 March 2010
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	\|}		\|}

	~~==Social Value~~ of ~~winning~~ and ~~losing~~ vs. baseline==		When compared to the mean BOLD signal, both the beta values of win trials and lose trials showed patterns of activation similar to the win vs. lose contrast. Figure 6 below shows BOLD activity greater for win trials that baseline in the caudate, and at the more liberal threshold, regions including the FFA, anterior insula, and nucleus accumbens. Activation greater for loss trials than baseline is shown in Figure 7. Noteably, we still see activation in the precuneus above baseline, suggesting that participants were engaged in social/self-referential processing during loss feedback that may not be attributed to default, non-task related processing.


	<br>		<br>
	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Win-mean_pic.png\|thumb\|350px\| p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels: caudate]]		\| [[File:Win-mean_pic.png\|thumb\|350px\| Figure 6a. p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels: caudate]]
	\|[[File:Win_baseline_lenient.png\|thumb\|300px\| p<0.001 uncorrected - additional areas of activation include FFA, anterior insula, NAcc, thalamus]]		\|[[File:Win_baseline_lenient.png\|thumb\|300px\| Figure 6b. p<0.001 uncorrected - additional areas of activation include FFA, anterior insula, NAcc, thalamus]]
	\|}		\|}
	~~Figure 6: BOLD activity during win feedback greater than baseline~~

	<br>		<br>
	<br>		<br>


	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Lose-mean_IFP.png\|thumb\|250px\| p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels: precuneus]]		\| [[File:Lose-mean_IFP.png\|thumb\|250px\| Figure 7a. p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels: precuneus]]
	\| [[File:lose-mean_ffa.png\|thumb\|250px\|p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels]]		\| [[File:lose-mean_ffa.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 7b. p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels]]
	\|[[File:lose_baseline_lenient_etc.png\|thumb\|250px\| p<0.001 uncorrected - additional areas of activation include anterior insula, DLPFC, ACC, caudate, thalamus]]		\|[[File:lose_baseline_lenient_etc.png\|thumb\|250px\| Figure 7c. p<0.001 uncorrected - additional areas of activation include anterior insula, DLPFC, ACC, caudate, thalamus]]
	\|}		\|}
	Figure 7: BOLD activity during lose feedback greater than baseline		Figure 7: BOLD activity during lose feedback greater than baseline

imported>Psych204B: /* Social value of winning and losing in the brain */

2010-03-20T05:25:10Z

Social value of winning and losing in the brain

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:25, 20 March 2010
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	{\|		{\|
	\| [[File:Lose-win_IPS_rev.png\|thumb\|250px\|p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels: precuneus]]		\| [[File:Lose-win_IPS_rev.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 5a. p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels: precuneus]]
	\| [[File:Lose-win_MYS_rev.png\|thumb\|250px\|p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels]]		\| [[File:Lose-win_MYS_rev.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 5b. p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels]]
	\|}		\|}

imported>Psych204B: /* Conclusions */

2010-03-20T05:23:30Z

Conclusions

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:23, 20 March 2010
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	With the lose>win contrast, activation was found in the precuneus. This is interesting because activity in the precuneus was previously found to correlate with reflective self awareness and rating one's personality traits against those of others (Kjaer et al. 2002, Lou et al. 2004). Possibly, the higher activity found in the precuneus during the lose trials might reflect social evaluation of other players in the session.		With the lose>win contrast, activation was found in the precuneus. This is interesting because activity in the precuneus was previously found to correlate with reflective self awareness and rating one's personality traits against those of others (Kjaer et al. 2002, Lou et al. 2004). Possibly, the higher activity found in the precuneus during the lose trials might reflect social evaluation of other players in the session.


			A region in the precuneus also had greater BOLD activity


			o Noteably, the win beta values used in this contrast are independent of montary gains/losses incurred when participants won a trial, and therefore this contrast reflects differential BOLD activity that is orthogonal to changes in revenue. To the extent that this activation reflects differences related to social evaluations, it is noteworthy that this contrast reveals

	=References=		=References=

imported>Psych204B: /* Social value of winning and losing in the brain */

2010-03-20T05:22:47Z

Social value of winning and losing in the brain

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:22, 20 March 2010
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	The opposite contrast (lose > win) revealed greater BOLD activity in part of the precuneus, located in the posteromedial parietal lobe. As part of the default network, the precuneus is a region engaged in self-referential mental representations, and decreases in activation are reported during engagement of non-self related activities (~~cite~~).		The opposite contrast (lose > win) shown in Figure 5 revealed greater BOLD activity in part of the precuneus, located in the posteromedial parietal lobe. As part of the default network, the precuneus is a region engaged in self-referential mental representations, and decreases in activation are reported during engagement of non-self related activities (Cavanna & Trimble, 2006).

	~~A region in the precuneus also had greater BOLD activity~~


	o Noteably, the win beta values used in this contrast are independent of montary gains/losses incurred when participants won a trial, and therefore this contrast reflects differential BOLD activity that is orthogonal to changes in revenue. To the extent that this activation reflects differences related to social evaluations, it is noteworthy that this contrast reveals



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	\| [[File:Lose-win_MYS_rev.png\|thumb\|250px\|p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels]]		\| [[File:Lose-win_MYS_rev.png\|thumb\|250px\|p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels]]
	\|}		\|}
	~~Figure 5: Opposite contrast, lose > win during outcome onset.~~

	==Social Value of winning and losing vs. baseline==		==Social Value of winning and losing vs. baseline==

imported>Psych204B: /* Social value of winning and losing in the brain */

2010-03-20T05:19:07Z

Social value of winning and losing in the brain

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:19, 20 March 2010
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	The opposite contrast (lose > win) ~~The contrast also~~ revealed greater BOLD activity in part of the precuneus, located in the posteromedial parietal lobe. ~~Part~~ of the default network, the precuneus is a region engaged in self-referential mental representations, and decreases in activation are reported during engagement of non-self related activities (cite).		The opposite contrast (lose > win) revealed greater BOLD activity in part of the precuneus, located in the posteromedial parietal lobe. As part of the default network, the precuneus is a region engaged in self-referential mental representations, and decreases in activation are reported during engagement of non-self related activities (cite).

	A region in the precuneus also had greater BOLD activity		A region in the precuneus also had greater BOLD activity

imported>Psych204B: /* Social value of winning and losing in the brain */

2010-03-20T05:17:57Z

Social value of winning and losing in the brain

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:17, 20 March 2010
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	Activation maps were overlaid on a representative subject's T1 image.		Activation maps were overlaid on a representative subject's T1 image.

	Figure 4 (below) shows voxels in which BOLD signal activity was significantly greater for win trials than for loss trials during the outcome onset (i.e., when subjects receive feedback about the outcome of the auction). We found robust activation in the dorsal striatum (Figure 4a)~~, a region thought to maintain information about rewarding outcomes,~~ as well as a region in the medial frontal cortex. ~~The contrast also revealed greater BOLD activity in part of the precuneus~~, ~~located in~~ the ~~posteromedial parietal lobe~~. ~~Part of the default network~~, the ~~precuneus is a region engaged in self-referential mental representations,~~ and ~~decreases in activation are reported during engagement of non-self related activities~~ (~~cite~~).		Figure 4 (below) shows voxels in which BOLD signal activity was significantly greater for win trials than for loss trials during the outcome onset (i.e., when subjects receive feedback about the outcome of the auction). We found robust activation in the dorsal striatum (Figure 4a) as well as a region in the medial frontal cortex (Figure 4b). A region associated with reward-related processing, it has been proposed that the dorsal striatum maintains information about rewarding outcomes (O'Doherty et al., 2004). A more liberal threshold revealed other regions associated with reward representation such as the nucleus accumbens and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Figure 4c).

	~~A region in the precuneus also had greater BOLD activity~~		{\|
			\| [[File:Win-lose_caud.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 4a. p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels : caudate activation]]
			\| [[File:Win-lose_MPFC.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 4b. p<0.05 FWE corrected, extent threshold = 4 voxels : medial frontal cortex activation]]
			\|[[File:Winlose_lenient.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 4c. p<0.001 uncorrected : Nucleus accumbens, anterior insula, DLPFC]]
			\|}


	~~o Noteably, the~~ win ~~beta values used~~ in ~~this contrast are independent~~ of ~~montary gains/losses incurred when participants won a trial~~, ~~and therefore this contrast reflects differential BOLD activity that is orthogonal to changes~~ in ~~revenue~~. To the ~~extent that this~~ activation ~~reflects differences~~ related ~~to social evaluations, it is noteworthy that this contrast reveals~~		The opposite contrast (lose > win) The contrast also revealed greater BOLD activity in part of the precuneus, located in the posteromedial parietal lobe. Part of the default network, the precuneus is a region engaged in self-referential mental representations, and decreases in activation are reported during engagement of non-self related activities (cite).

			A region in the precuneus also had greater BOLD activity


			o Noteably, the win beta values used in this contrast are independent of montary gains/losses incurred when participants won a trial, and therefore this contrast reflects differential BOLD activity that is orthogonal to changes in revenue. To the extent that this activation reflects differences related to social evaluations, it is noteworthy that this contrast reveals
	{\|
	~~\| [[File:Win-lose_caud.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 4a.~~ ~~p<0.05 FWE corrected~~, ~~extent threshold = 4 voxels : caudate activation]]~~
	~~\| [[File:Win-lose_MPFC.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 4b~~. ~~p<0.05 FWE corrected,~~ extent ~~threshold = 4 voxels : medial frontal cortex~~ activation]]
	~~\|[[File:Winlose_lenient.png\|thumb\|250px\|Figure 4c. p<0.001 uncorrected : Nucleus accumbens, anterior insula~~, ~~DLPFC]]~~
	\|}