Thermal Imaging and Pitvipers - Revision history

Devind at 20:26, 18 December 2023

2023-12-18T20:26:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:26, 18 December 2023
Line 118:		Line 118:

	The comparisons we noted in visible and infrared vision in animals also apply to visible and infrared vision in human technology.		The comparisons we noted in visible and infrared vision in animals also apply to visible and infrared vision in human technology.
	Lensed thermal cameras exist that can collect thermal light without having to deal with the sensitivity-resolution tradeoff inherent to pinhole cameras. The removal of geometric blurring allows diffraction to become the dominant challenge in resolution, and it is indeed true that the pixel size is nearly 20 times larger in infrared cameras than visible ones.		Lensed thermal cameras exist that can collect thermal light without having to deal with the sensitivity-resolution tradeoff inherent to pinhole cameras. The removal of geometric blurring allows diffraction to become the dominant challenge in resolution, and it is indeed true that the pixel size can be nearly 20 times larger in infrared cameras than visible ones which agrees with the fact that diffraction effects are about twenty times larger at those wavelengths in the infrared [Vollmer 2017].

	Sensors in infrared cameras can also be quite different than sensors for visible cameras. Similar to pitvipers, many low-cost thermal imagers today detect temperature changes caused by the infrared light rather than detect the infrared light itself. High-cost thermal imagers, however, often use the same technology as visible cameras and the analogous “photon detector” of the nautilus. However, in order to avoid the quantum thermal noise they must operate in a shorter wavelength range and must be cooled to extremely cold temperatures (e.g. 77 K) [Vollmer 2017].		Sensors in infrared cameras can also be quite different than sensors for visible cameras. Similar to pitvipers, many low-cost thermal imagers today detect temperature changes caused by the infrared light rather than detect the infrared light itself. High-cost thermal imagers, however, often use the same technology as visible cameras and the analogous “photon detector” of the nautilus. However, in order to avoid the quantum thermal noise they must operate in a shorter wavelength range and must be cooled to extremely cold temperatures (e.g. 77 K) [Vollmer 2017].
Line 148:		Line 148:
	== Appendix I ==		== Appendix I ==


	~~== Appendix II ==~~

	lambda_vis = 500 * Helpers.nm;		lambda_vis = 500 * Helpers.nm;

Devind at 20:21, 18 December 2023

2023-12-18T20:21:04Z

@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 == Comparison ==
 == Conclusions ==
 == References ==
@@ Line 126: / Line 147: @@
 == Appendix I ==
 <!--

Devind at 19:22, 18 December 2023

2023-12-18T19:22:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:22, 18 December 2023
Line 17:		Line 17:

	There are no geometrical terms here - the object is assumed to be a “blackbody” that perfectly absorbs all incident light, and thus also perfectly emits thermal light. Most everyday objects are not perfect absorbers, but instead are partially reflective. We can model these “greybodies” by multiplying the blackbody spectrum by the emissivity - a number between 0 and 1 that represents how absorptive or emissive the object is. In general, the emissivity depends on wavelength and angle, but oftentimes an average emissivity is sufficient.		There are no geometrical terms here - the object is assumed to be a “blackbody” that perfectly absorbs all incident light, and thus also perfectly emits thermal light. Most everyday objects are not perfect absorbers, but instead are partially reflective. We can model these “greybodies” by multiplying the blackbody spectrum by the emissivity - a number between 0 and 1 that represents how absorptive or emissive the object is. In general, the emissivity depends on wavelength and angle, but oftentimes an average emissivity is sufficient.
	By integrating the greybody intensity spectrum we find that the power of thermal radiation scales with temperature to the fourth power times the emissivity.		By integrating the greybody intensity spectrum we find that the power of thermal radiation scales with temperature to the fourth power times the emissivity:
	[[File:eq_bbrad_power_int.png\|400px]], which for a constant emissivity is simply		[[File:eq_bbrad_power_int.png\|400px]], which for a constant emissivity is simply
	[[File:eq_bbrad_power.png\|150px]]		[[File:eq_bbrad_power.png\|150px]]
Line 25:		Line 25:
	-->		-->

	To summarize, everything emits thermal light, with a spectrum and radiance that depends on material and temperature. The sun has a temperature of about 6000 K and emits light with a peak wavelength in the visible around 500 nm. Everything at earth-scale temperatures near 300 K emits in the infrared with a peak wavelength around 10 um.		To summarize, everything emits thermal light, with a spectrum and radiance that depends on material and temperature. The sun has a temperature of about 6000 K and emits light with a peak wavelength in the visible around 500 nm. Everything at earth-scale temperatures near 300 K emits in the infrared with a peak wavelength around 10 um. These two sources - the sun and everything on the earth - define the two wavelength regions useful for vision.

	== Vision in Animals ==		== Vision in Animals ==
Line 44:		Line 44:

	To understand the limits to Nautilus vision, let’s examine the angular and spatial resolution of pinhole eyes.The visual resolution of pinhole eyes is a combination of the aperture size (D) and its distance from the retina (h).		To understand the limits to Nautilus vision, let’s examine the angular and spatial resolution of pinhole eyes.The visual resolution of pinhole eyes is a combination of the aperture size (D) and its distance from the retina (h).
	The geometrical blur of a large aperture <math> \theta_{aperture} = sin^{-1}\frac{D}{h} </math>, the diffraction blur (Airy disk half angle) <math> \theta_{diffraction} = sin^{-1}1.22\frac{\lambda}{D} </math>. We can also project the angular resolution onto the back of the retina to get the spatial resolution from the spot size <math> dx = h sin\theta </math>. The intensity of light on the detector is a fraction of the ambient intensity <math> I_{det} = 2 sin^2 \frac{\theta_{aperture}}{4} I_{ambient}</math>, so therefore there is a direct tradeoff between resolution and sensitivity. To summarize, larger apertures increase blurring due to the aperture size, decrease blurring due to diffraction, and increase the amount of light collected.		The geometrical blur of a large aperture is given by <math> \theta_{aperture} = sin^{-1}\frac{D}{h} </math> and the diffraction blur (Airy disk half angle) is given by <math> \theta_{diffraction} = sin^{-1}1.22\frac{\lambda}{D} </math>. We can also project the angular resolution onto the back of the retina to get the spatial resolution from the spot size <math> dx = h sin\theta </math>. The intensity of light on the detector is a fraction of the ambient intensity <math> I_{det} = 2 sin^2 \frac{\theta_{aperture}}{4} I_{ambient}</math>, so therefore there is a direct tradeoff between resolution and sensitivity. To summarize, larger apertures increase blurring due to the aperture size, decrease blurring due to diffraction, and increase the amount of light collected.

	<!-- [[File:eq_pinhole.png\|200px]] -->		<!-- [[File:eq_pinhole.png\|200px]] -->
Line 55:		Line 55:
	# <math> I_{det} = 0.002 I_{ambient} </math>		# <math> I_{det} = 0.002 I_{ambient} </math>

	Our estimated resolution is consistent with behavioral experiments on living nautiluses, which found their resolution to be between 5.5 and 11.25 degrees. Surprisingly, the photoreceptor spacing in the nautilus of 0.28 degrees is much smaller than the aperture limited spot size of 6.5 degrees. Some hypothesize that the extra photoreceptor density has no visual benefit. Another possible explanation is that the brain is able to post-process and correct for the geometric blurring due to the pinhole. We will revisit this idea in the next section, where we examine another creature with pinhole eyes.		Our estimated resolution is consistent with behavioral experiments on living nautiluses, which found their resolution to be between 5.5 and 11.25 degrees [Raj 1984]. Surprisingly, the photoreceptor spacing in the nautilus of 0.28 degrees is much smaller than the aperture limited spot size of 6.5 degrees. Some hypothesize that the extra photoreceptor density has no visual benefit. Another possible explanation is that the brain is able to post-process and correct for the geometric blurring due to the pinhole. We will revisit this idea in the next section, where we examine another creature with pinhole eyes.


Line 79:		Line 79:
	# <math> I_{det} = 0.03 I_{ambient} </math>		# <math> I_{det} = 0.03 I_{ambient} </math>

	The roughly 7000 sensory cells of the pit form a sensor mosaic with spacing of about 60 um - much more densely packed than the 1 mm resolution we estimated above. One possible explanation for the oversampling by the receptor mosaic is that the brain can use the additional data to post-process and sharpen the blurred image.		The roughly 7000 sensory cells of the pit form a sensor mosaic with spacing of about 60 um - much more densely packed than the 1 mm resolution we estimated above. One possible explanation for the oversampling by the receptor mosaic is that the brain can use the additional data to post-process and sharpen the blurred image [Hartline 1982].
	~~The Infrared "Vision" of Snakes~~ Hartline 1982
	To understand how postprocessing can help, consider the point spread function of a large pinhole. A single bright point source on a dark background will uniformly illuminate a <math> dx_{aperture} = 1 mm </math> circle on the pit membrane. The edges of the circle will be blurred by diffraction on the order of <math> dx_{diffraction} = 24 um </math>, and outside this the membrane will be in shadow. If the edges of the circle can be accurately determined, then the location of the point source can be accurately determined by inferring the circle’s center. This is the role of post-processing in the brain.		To understand how postprocessing can help, consider the point spread function of a large pinhole. A single bright point source on a dark background will uniformly illuminate a <math> dx_{aperture} = 1 mm </math> circle on the pit membrane. The edges of the circle will be blurred by diffraction on the order of <math> dx_{diffraction} = 24 um </math>, and outside this the membrane will be in shadow. If the edges of the circle can be accurately determined, then the location of the point source can be accurately determined by inferring the circle’s center. This is the role of post-processing in the brain.

Line 86:		Line 85:
	For pinhole eyes where all the information lies in the edge-detection abilities, each pixel on the visual map is formed by ring-like excitatory and inhibitory combinations of pixels from the sensory map.		For pinhole eyes where all the information lies in the edge-detection abilities, each pixel on the visual map is formed by ring-like excitatory and inhibitory combinations of pixels from the sensory map.
	If the ring radius properly matches the pinhole radius, then it has been shown that this neural process can recover the scene quite well as long as there isn’t much noise in the sensory data. Noise is particularly important since a single noisy pixel on the sensory map will skew many pixels of the visual map [Hemmen 2006].		If the ring radius properly matches the pinhole radius, then it has been shown that this neural process can recover the scene quite well as long as there isn’t much noise in the sensory data. Noise is particularly important since a single noisy pixel on the sensory map will skew many pixels of the visual map [Hemmen 2006].
			There is strong evidence that the snakes can perform this post-processing. The variance in strikes of a blinded pitviper to a warm object is less than 5 degrees - far better than the geometric-limited 30 degree resolution we estimated above [Hartline 1982].


	<gallery mode="packed" widths=500px heights=200px>		<gallery mode="packed" widths=500px heights=200px>
Line 100:		Line 101:
	-->		-->

	~~There is strong evidence that the snakes can perform this post-processing.~~ The ~~variance in strikes~~ of ~~a blinded pitviper~~ to ~~a warm object is less than 5 degrees - far better than~~ the ~~geometric-limited resolution we estimated above~~.		The pits of pitvipers have many similarities and differences to the pinhole eyes of the nautilus.


	== Comparison ==		== Comparison ==

Devind: /* Appendix II */

2023-12-18T19:07:09Z

Appendix II

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:07, 18 December 2023
Line 125:		Line 125:
	== Appendix I ==		== Appendix I ==

			<!--
	== Appendix II ==		== Appendix II ==

Line 150:		Line 151:
	[[File:Snake_preprocessing.png\|200px]]		[[File:Snake_preprocessing.png\|200px]]
	[[File:Snake_postprocessing.png\|200px]]		[[File:Snake_postprocessing.png\|200px]]

			-->

Devind: /* References */

2023-12-18T19:06:36Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:06, 18 December 2023
Line 112:		Line 112:
	# Hollandt, J. (2012). 125 Years of Research On and with the Black Body, Metrology Throughout the Ages, vol. 3, no.3, 87. PTB Mitteilungen.		# Hollandt, J. (2012). 125 Years of Research On and with the Black Body, Metrology Throughout the Ages, vol. 3, no.3, 87. PTB Mitteilungen.
	# W. R. A. Muntz, U. Raj; On the Visual System of Nautilus Pompilius. J Exp Biol 1 March 1984; 109 (1): 253–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.109.1.253		# W. R. A. Muntz, U. Raj; On the Visual System of Nautilus Pompilius. J Exp Biol 1 March 1984; 109 (1): 253–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.109.1.253
	# HARRY W. GREENE. Snakes : The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520200142~~. Disponível em: https://search-ebscohost-com.stanford.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=8691&site=ehost-live. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2023~~.		# HARRY W. GREENE. Snakes : The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520200142.
	# George S. Bakken, Samantha E. Colayori, Taihung Duong; Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers. J Exp Biol 1 August 2012; 215 (15): 2621–2629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.063495		# George S. Bakken, Samantha E. Colayori, Taihung Duong; Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers. J Exp Biol 1 August 2012; 215 (15): 2621–2629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.063495
	# Newman, Eric A., and Peter H. Hartline. “The Infrared ‘Vision’ of Snakes.” Scientific American 246, no. 3 (1982): 116–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966551.		# Newman, Eric A., and Peter H. Hartline. “The Infrared ‘Vision’ of Snakes.” Scientific American 246, no. 3 (1982): 116–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966551.

Devind: /* References */

2023-12-18T19:06:03Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:06, 18 December 2023
Line 115:		Line 115:
	# George S. Bakken, Samantha E. Colayori, Taihung Duong; Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers. J Exp Biol 1 August 2012; 215 (15): 2621–2629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.063495		# George S. Bakken, Samantha E. Colayori, Taihung Duong; Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers. J Exp Biol 1 August 2012; 215 (15): 2621–2629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.063495
	# Newman, Eric A., and Peter H. Hartline. “The Infrared ‘Vision’ of Snakes.” Scientific American 246, no. 3 (1982): 116–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966551.		# Newman, Eric A., and Peter H. Hartline. “The Infrared ‘Vision’ of Snakes.” Scientific American 246, no. 3 (1982): 116–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966551.
	Sichert, A. B., Friedel, P. and Van Hemmen, J. L. (2006). Snake's perspective on heat: reconstruction of input using an imperfect detection system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 068105. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.068105		# Sichert, A. B., Friedel, P. and Van Hemmen, J. L. (2006). Snake's perspective on heat: reconstruction of input using an imperfect detection system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 068105. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.068105
	# M. Vollmer, K Mollmann. Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications. (2017). DOI:10.1002/9783527693306		# M. Vollmer, K Mollmann. Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications. (2017). DOI:10.1002/9783527693306
	# Bao, F., Wang, X., Sureshbabu, S.H. et al. Heat-assisted detection and ranging. Nature 619, 743–748, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06174-6		# Bao, F., Wang, X., Sureshbabu, S.H. et al. Heat-assisted detection and ranging. Nature 619, 743–748, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06174-6

Devind: /* References */

2023-12-18T19:05:44Z

References

Devind: /* References */

2023-12-18T19:05:03Z

References

Devind: /* References */

2023-12-18T19:04:23Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:04, 18 December 2023
Line 108:		Line 108:

	== References ==		== References ==

			M. Planck. Zur Theorie der Wärmestrahlung. Annalen der Physik, 336 (4) (1910), pp. 758-768.
			Hollandt, J. (2012). 125 Years of Research On and with the Black Body, Metrology Throughout the Ages, vol. 3, no.3, 87. PTB Mitteilungen.

			W. R. A. Muntz, U. Raj; On the Visual System of Nautilus Pompilius. J Exp Biol 1 March 1984; 109 (1): 253–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.109.1.253

			HARRY W. GREENE. Snakes : The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520200142. Disponível em: https://search-ebscohost-com.stanford.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=8691&site=ehost-live. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2023.

			George S. Bakken, Samantha E. Colayori, Taihung Duong; Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers. J Exp Biol 1 August 2012; 215 (15): 2621–2629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.063495

			Newman, Eric A., and Peter H. Hartline. “The Infrared ‘Vision’ of Snakes.” Scientific American 246, no. 3 (1982): 116–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966551.
			Sichert, A. B., Friedel, P. and Van Hemmen, J. L. (2006). Snake's perspective on heat: reconstruction of input using an imperfect detection system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 068105. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.068105

			M. Vollmer, K Mollmann. Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications. (2017). DOI:10.1002/9783527693306

			Bao, F., Wang, X., Sureshbabu, S.H. et al. Heat-assisted detection and ranging. Nature 619, 743–748, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06174-6

			N. Takeuchi, N. Sugimoto, H. Baba, and K. Sakurai, "Random modulation cw lidar," Appl. Opt. 22, 1382-1386 (1983)

			Peng Kian Tan, Xi Jie Yeo, Alvin Zhen Wei Leow, Lijiong Shen, and Christian Kurtsiefer. Practical Range Sensing with Thermal Light. Phys. Rev. Applied 20, 014060, (2023)

			Lukashchuk, A., Riemensberger, J., Tusnin, A. et al. Chaotic microcomb-based parallel ranging. Nat. Photon. 17, 814–821 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-023-01246-5

			H. Cao, K. Kim, Y. Eliezer, and O. Spitz, "Parallel random LiDAR with spatial multiplexing," in Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023 (FiO, LS), Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2023), paper FM1C.1.

	== Appendix I ==		== Appendix I ==

Devind at 18:51, 18 December 2023

2023-12-18T18:51:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:51, 18 December 2023
Line 102:		Line 102:
	There is strong evidence that the snakes can perform this post-processing. The variance in strikes of a blinded pitviper to a warm object is less than 5 degrees - far better than the geometric-limited resolution we estimated above.		There is strong evidence that the snakes can perform this post-processing. The variance in strikes of a blinded pitviper to a warm object is less than 5 degrees - far better than the geometric-limited resolution we estimated above.

	== ~~Methods~~ ==		== Comparison ==

	~~== Results ==~~

	== Conclusions ==		== Conclusions ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:05, 18 December 2023
Line 110:		Line 110:

	# M. Planck. Zur Theorie der Wärmestrahlung. Annalen der Physik, 336 (4) (1910), pp. 758-768.		# M. Planck. Zur Theorie der Wärmestrahlung. Annalen der Physik, 336 (4) (1910), pp. 758-768.
	Hollandt, J. (2012). 125 Years of Research On and with the Black Body, Metrology Throughout the Ages, vol. 3, no.3, 87. PTB Mitteilungen.		# Hollandt, J. (2012). 125 Years of Research On and with the Black Body, Metrology Throughout the Ages, vol. 3, no.3, 87. PTB Mitteilungen.

	# W. R. A. Muntz, U. Raj; On the Visual System of Nautilus Pompilius. J Exp Biol 1 March 1984; 109 (1): 253–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.109.1.253		# W. R. A. Muntz, U. Raj; On the Visual System of Nautilus Pompilius. J Exp Biol 1 March 1984; 109 (1): 253–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.109.1.253

	# HARRY W. GREENE. Snakes : The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520200142. Disponível em: https://search-ebscohost-com.stanford.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=8691&site=ehost-live. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2023.		# HARRY W. GREENE. Snakes : The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520200142. Disponível em: https://search-ebscohost-com.stanford.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=8691&site=ehost-live. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2023.

	# George S. Bakken, Samantha E. Colayori, Taihung Duong; Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers. J Exp Biol 1 August 2012; 215 (15): 2621–2629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.063495		# George S. Bakken, Samantha E. Colayori, Taihung Duong; Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers. J Exp Biol 1 August 2012; 215 (15): 2621–2629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.063495

	# Newman, Eric A., and Peter H. Hartline. “The Infrared ‘Vision’ of Snakes.” Scientific American 246, no. 3 (1982): 116–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966551.		# Newman, Eric A., and Peter H. Hartline. “The Infrared ‘Vision’ of Snakes.” Scientific American 246, no. 3 (1982): 116–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966551.
	Sichert, A. B., Friedel, P. and Van Hemmen, J. L. (2006). Snake's perspective on heat: reconstruction of input using an imperfect detection system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 068105. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.068105		Sichert, A. B., Friedel, P. and Van Hemmen, J. L. (2006). Snake's perspective on heat: reconstruction of input using an imperfect detection system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 068105. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.068105

	# M. Vollmer, K Mollmann. Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications. (2017). DOI:10.1002/9783527693306		# M. Vollmer, K Mollmann. Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications. (2017). DOI:10.1002/9783527693306

	# Bao, F., Wang, X., Sureshbabu, S.H. et al. Heat-assisted detection and ranging. Nature 619, 743–748, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06174-6		# Bao, F., Wang, X., Sureshbabu, S.H. et al. Heat-assisted detection and ranging. Nature 619, 743–748, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06174-6

	# N. Takeuchi, N. Sugimoto, H. Baba, and K. Sakurai, "Random modulation cw lidar," Appl. Opt. 22, 1382-1386 (1983)		# N. Takeuchi, N. Sugimoto, H. Baba, and K. Sakurai, "Random modulation cw lidar," Appl. Opt. 22, 1382-1386 (1983)

	# Peng Kian Tan, Xi Jie Yeo, Alvin Zhen Wei Leow, Lijiong Shen, and Christian Kurtsiefer. Practical Range Sensing with Thermal Light. Phys. Rev. Applied 20, 014060, (2023)		# Peng Kian Tan, Xi Jie Yeo, Alvin Zhen Wei Leow, Lijiong Shen, and Christian Kurtsiefer. Practical Range Sensing with Thermal Light. Phys. Rev. Applied 20, 014060, (2023)

	# Lukashchuk, A., Riemensberger, J., Tusnin, A. et al. Chaotic microcomb-based parallel ranging. Nat. Photon. 17, 814–821 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-023-01246-5		# Lukashchuk, A., Riemensberger, J., Tusnin, A. et al. Chaotic microcomb-based parallel ranging. Nat. Photon. 17, 814–821 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-023-01246-5

	# H. Cao, K. Kim, Y. Eliezer, and O. Spitz, "Parallel random LiDAR with spatial multiplexing," in Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023 (FiO, LS), Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2023), paper FM1C.1.		# H. Cao, K. Kim, Y. Eliezer, and O. Spitz, "Parallel random LiDAR with spatial multiplexing," in Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023 (FiO, LS), Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2023), paper FM1C.1.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:05, 18 December 2023
Line 109:		Line 109:
	== References ==		== References ==

	M. Planck. Zur Theorie der Wärmestrahlung. Annalen der Physik, 336 (4) (1910), pp. 758-768.		# M. Planck. Zur Theorie der Wärmestrahlung. Annalen der Physik, 336 (4) (1910), pp. 758-768.
	Hollandt, J. (2012). 125 Years of Research On and with the Black Body, Metrology Throughout the Ages, vol. 3, no.3, 87. PTB Mitteilungen.		Hollandt, J. (2012). 125 Years of Research On and with the Black Body, Metrology Throughout the Ages, vol. 3, no.3, 87. PTB Mitteilungen.

	W. R. A. Muntz, U. Raj; On the Visual System of Nautilus Pompilius. J Exp Biol 1 March 1984; 109 (1): 253–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.109.1.253		# W. R. A. Muntz, U. Raj; On the Visual System of Nautilus Pompilius. J Exp Biol 1 March 1984; 109 (1): 253–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.109.1.253

	HARRY W. GREENE. Snakes : The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520200142. Disponível em: https://search-ebscohost-com.stanford.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=8691&site=ehost-live. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2023.		# HARRY W. GREENE. Snakes : The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520200142. Disponível em: https://search-ebscohost-com.stanford.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=8691&site=ehost-live. Acesso em: 17 dez. 2023.

	George S. Bakken, Samantha E. Colayori, Taihung Duong; Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers. J Exp Biol 1 August 2012; 215 (15): 2621–2629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.063495		# George S. Bakken, Samantha E. Colayori, Taihung Duong; Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers. J Exp Biol 1 August 2012; 215 (15): 2621–2629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.063495

	Newman, Eric A., and Peter H. Hartline. “The Infrared ‘Vision’ of Snakes.” Scientific American 246, no. 3 (1982): 116–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966551.		# Newman, Eric A., and Peter H. Hartline. “The Infrared ‘Vision’ of Snakes.” Scientific American 246, no. 3 (1982): 116–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966551.
	Sichert, A. B., Friedel, P. and Van Hemmen, J. L. (2006). Snake's perspective on heat: reconstruction of input using an imperfect detection system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 068105. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.068105		Sichert, A. B., Friedel, P. and Van Hemmen, J. L. (2006). Snake's perspective on heat: reconstruction of input using an imperfect detection system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 068105. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.068105

	M. Vollmer, K Mollmann. Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications. (2017). DOI:10.1002/9783527693306		# M. Vollmer, K Mollmann. Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications. (2017). DOI:10.1002/9783527693306

	Bao, F., Wang, X., Sureshbabu, S.H. et al. Heat-assisted detection and ranging. Nature 619, 743–748, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06174-6		# Bao, F., Wang, X., Sureshbabu, S.H. et al. Heat-assisted detection and ranging. Nature 619, 743–748, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06174-6

	N. Takeuchi, N. Sugimoto, H. Baba, and K. Sakurai, "Random modulation cw lidar," Appl. Opt. 22, 1382-1386 (1983)		# N. Takeuchi, N. Sugimoto, H. Baba, and K. Sakurai, "Random modulation cw lidar," Appl. Opt. 22, 1382-1386 (1983)

	Peng Kian Tan, Xi Jie Yeo, Alvin Zhen Wei Leow, Lijiong Shen, and Christian Kurtsiefer. Practical Range Sensing with Thermal Light. Phys. Rev. Applied 20, 014060, (2023)		# Peng Kian Tan, Xi Jie Yeo, Alvin Zhen Wei Leow, Lijiong Shen, and Christian Kurtsiefer. Practical Range Sensing with Thermal Light. Phys. Rev. Applied 20, 014060, (2023)

	Lukashchuk, A., Riemensberger, J., Tusnin, A. et al. Chaotic microcomb-based parallel ranging. Nat. Photon. 17, 814–821 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-023-01246-5		# Lukashchuk, A., Riemensberger, J., Tusnin, A. et al. Chaotic microcomb-based parallel ranging. Nat. Photon. 17, 814–821 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-023-01246-5

	H. Cao, K. Kim, Y. Eliezer, and O. Spitz, "Parallel random LiDAR with spatial multiplexing," in Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023 (FiO, LS), Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2023), paper FM1C.1.		# H. Cao, K. Kim, Y. Eliezer, and O. Spitz, "Parallel random LiDAR with spatial multiplexing," in Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2023 (FiO, LS), Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2023), paper FM1C.1.

	== Appendix I ==		== Appendix I ==