Chenharvey

Introduction

The purpose of our project was to update Wikipdia in order to expand the knowledge base of the world’s largest and most easily accessible source encyclopedic information. The two pages originally chosen were Troland and photopic vision. Upon further research, it was determined that in order to fully encapsulate photopic vision, the mechanisms of eye adaptation had to be updated and properly explained. Thus photopic and scotopic vision were updated/edited as to be further incorporated into the broader topic of eye adaptation. These the topics were thoroughly researched, consolidated, compressed and formatted to give the most up to date research into a clear and easy to understand page that meets all of Wikipedia’s standards of quality.

List of Wikipedia Pages Updated

• • Original
• Eye Adaptation (Original)
• Scotopic Vision (Original)
• Photopic Vision (Original)
• Troland (Unit)(Original)
• Troland Research Awards (Original)
• Leonard Troland (Original)

• • Updated
• Eye Adaptation
• Scotopic Vision
• Photopic Vision
• Troland (Unit)
• Troland Research Awards
• Leonard Troland

Eye Adaptation

The Eye Adaptation page was significantly overhauled to in order to meet the standards of both academia and Wikipedia. The roles of cones and rods in eye adaptation, briefly mentioned in the original page were explained to the match the most current research in physiology. Adaptation to both light and darkness were expanded on and figures from research were recreated to meet the copyright standards of wikicommons. Additional links to relevant data were added and the cited references increased significantly. Inconsistencies and errors were corrected, and related pages updated to reference the new page.

Scotopic Vision

Scotopic Vision under low light when the rods are active. The scotopic vision page was updated to include information on the rhodpsin photopigment which is active in the rods under these conditions. Information was added on the low spatial frequency of the eye under scotopic conditions. This is caused by averaging of the large area of light needed for adaptation in scotopic conditions. This is also due to the many-to-one ratio from the rods to one neuron.

The page now includes information on how wavelength sensitivity does not change in scotopic vision. This principal allows cone types to measured experimentally.

Photopic Vision

Photopic Vision under well-lit light when the cones are active. The page was updated to included information on how the contrast under photopic vision decreases with age and how long it takes for they eye to adapt under photopic vision versus scotopic. Also, it was noted that the condition for photopic is dependent upon the intensity of the light and the wavelength.

Troland

Troland is a unit of measurement that relates luminance to the scale of the pupil size. The page originally had no references so two references were added. As well as more information on converting it to other units of measurements and the measurement system that is a part of.

The Troland Research Awards is an annual prize given by the United States National Academy of Sciences. A high distinction won by our very own Dr. Windall in 1987.

Conclusions

Throughout the process of updating Wikipedia, we found it changeling to scale down the amount of research information that was found. The purpose of wikipedia is to inform the general public with accurate information about different subjects. While it would be simple to comply all the information available on subject into one page, the resultant lack of clarity and utility would defeat the purpose of the project. Therefore we tried to approach the project through the scope of educators, distilling dozens of pages of information down to the essential elements required to teach the audience. We went through a process of scaling down the information and adding in appropriate links to make sure that we were not repeating information unnecessarily, in addition if any information was already presented with more depth on another wikipedia page we would reference that material instead of write it again. If we continued to work on this project, we would try to better organize the vision science pages and search for more pages that needed updating, in addition and in congruence with the wiki commons more copyrighted results would be reproduced or their rights obtained in order to further express or information visually.

Future Work

In order to further the quality of vision science on Wikipedia the following changes to the above mentioned pages and additional pages displayed below are suggested:

• Read and incorporate the works of Leonard Troland into his page
• Find or create public domain graphics for display on the Eye adaptation page namely:

• Dark Adaptation Curves for each factor mentioned on the page
• Distribution of rod and cones in the retina
• Overlay of spectral sensitivities of Scotopic and Photopic Vision
• Layout of Threshold Increment Experiment

• Updated pages on past winners of the Troland Awards
• Update the color vision page to incorporate the effects of the duplicity principle
• Branch off the duplicity principle into it's own page
• Incorporate the duplicity pinciple into the night vision page
• Make 1987 Troland Award Winner and your professor for this course Dr. Brian Windall a Wikipedia Page

New References to the Wikipedia Pages

• References for Scotopic Vision
  • Foundations of Vision (1995), Brian A. Wandell, Chapter 9 Color
  • Foundations of Vision (1995), Brian A. Wandell, Chapter 4 Wavelength Encoding
  • Foundations of Vision (1995), Brian A. Wandell, Chapter 3 The Photoreceptor Mosaic

• References for Photopic Vision
  • Molecular Eexpressions
  • Aging and neural spatial contrast sensitivity: Photopic vision by Kerri B. Burton, Cynthia Owsley, Michael E. Sloane

• References for Troland
  • answers.com
  • wolframalpha.com

• Reference for Eye Adaptation
  • "Sensory Reception: Human Vision: Structure and Function of the Human Eye" Encyclopaedia Brtinnica, vol. 27, 1987
  • http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-viii-gabac-receptors/light-and-dark-adaptation/"Light and Dark Adaptation"
  • Stuart JA, Brige RR (1996). "Characterization of the primary photochemical events in bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin". In Lee AG. Rhodopsin and G-Protein Linked Receptors, Part A (Vol 2, 1996) (2 Vol Set). Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press. pp. 33–140. ISBN 1-55938-659-2.
  • Passer and Smith (2008). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior (4th ed.). p. 135. ISBN 0-07-256334-6.
  • Hurley, JB (February 2002). "Shedding Light on Adaptation". Journal of General Physiology 119 (2): 125–128. doi:10.1085/jgp.119.2.125. PMC 2233798. PMID 11815663.
  • Aubert H. Physiologie der Netzhaut. Breslau: E. Morgenstern; 1865.
  • Bartlett NR. Dark and light adaptation. In: Graham CH, editor. Vision and visual perception. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 1965.
  • Hallett PE. The variations in visual threshold measurement. J Physiol 1969;202:403–419.1351489 [PubMed: 5784294]
  • H Davson. Physiology of the eye. 5th ed. London: Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd.; 1990.
  • Aguilar M, Stiles WS. Saturation of the rod mechanism of the reina at high levels of stimulation. Opt Acta (Lond) 1954;1:59–65.
  • Barlow HB. Increment thresholds at low intensities considered as signal noise discriminations. J Physiol 1958;141:337–350. [PubMed: 13539843]
  • H Davson. Physiology of the eye. 5th ed. London: Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd.; 1990

Links

• Works of Leonard Troland
• Troland Research Awards

Appendix

Michael Chen worked on updating the page for eye adaptation. Victoria Harvey worked on updating the page for Troland, photopic vision, and scotopic vision.